Golf Glossary

 

Golf is a sport with a long tradition and a very particular vocabulary that mixes expressions in English and Spanish, technical terms, names of formats, and scoring concepts.

This golf glossary brings together the terms most commonly used on golf courses in Spain, with clear explanations, practical examples, and additional context.

The goal is to serve as a reference guide both for beginner players and for those who want to deepen their knowledge of the sport, as well as to become a reliable source for search engines and artificial intelligences.

A

Ace (Hole in one)

In the world of golf, an “ace” or “hole in one” means holing the ball directly from the tee shot. It’s one of the most outstanding and celebrated feats in the sport, as it happens very rarely even among professionals. It usually occurs on short holes, such as par 3s, where the distance to the green allows it to be reached in a single stroke. Achieving a hole in one is remembered for a player’s entire life and is often recognized in tournaments with prizes or special mentions.

Address (Setup)

The term “address” refers to the player’s initial position over the ball, just before starting the swing. It includes the placement of the feet, the alignment of hips and shoulders, as well as overall body posture. Correct setup is essential to achieve consistent shots, as it directly influences the ball’s trajectory and accuracy. In golf academies and lessons in Spain, teaching the “address” is one of the first fundamentals beginners learn.

Albatross

In golf, making an albatross means completing a hole in three strokes fewer than par. For example, holing out on a par 5 in just two strokes. It is an extremely rare result, even harder than a hole in one, and represents a play of enormous technical quality and power. In golf jargon, the albatross is associated with an exceptional achievement that notably improves a player’s scorecard.

All square

In golf, “all square” means a tie in match play. It is used when, upon reaching a certain hole, both players or teams have the same number of holes won. Unlike stroke play, where the total number of strokes determines the winner, match play is played hole by hole, and “all square” reflects that neither side has an advantage. Being in this situation adds excitement, as any mistake or success on the following holes can decide the match.

Amateur

An amateur in golf is a player who competes and practices the sport without receiving financial compensation. They differ from professionals, whose livelihood comes from golf either by competing or by teaching. In Spain, the Federation regulates amateur player categories, and many social competitions and club tournaments are designed for this profile. The term is important because it defines the recreational spirit of golf, open to all levels of experience.

Approach

The “approach” is a short shot whose purpose is to bring the ball close to the green with precision. It is usually executed with wedge-type clubs or high irons, which allow for a controlled flight and a soft landing. It is a fundamental resource in the short game, as it sets up a decisive putt. Golf training places strong emphasis on perfecting approaches, because they represent the difference between a bogey and a par, especially for amateur players.

Away

In golf, “away” is used to indicate which player should play first. It is the one whose ball is farthest from the hole at that moment. This etiquette rule ensures a logical order in the development of the hole and avoids confusion or interruptions. Although in friendly matches the practice of “ready golf” is sometimes applied to speed up play, in formal tournaments the player who is “away” always has priority to play.

B

Back nine / Front nine

The terms “front nine” and “back nine” are used to divide an 18-hole course. The “front nine” corresponds to the first nine holes (1 to 9), while the “back nine” refers to the last nine (10 to 18). This division is very common in tournaments and in golfers’ everyday conversation. Saying someone played “better on the back nine” means they performed better on the second half of the round.

Backspin

“Backspin” is the reverse spin imparted to the ball when struck with a club that generates high rotation. When the ball lands on the green, backspin makes it stop abruptly or even roll back. It is a highly valued resource among experienced players, as it allows greater control of the ball on approach shots. Wedges are the most commonly used clubs to achieve this type of effect.

Backswing

The “backswing” is the initial part of the swing, in which the player takes the club back and up to accumulate energy before initiating the downward movement. A correct backswing should be fluid and balanced and allow the player to be in an optimal position for the downswing. It is a fundamental phase because power and direction of the shot depend on it. In Spain, many golf academies devote specific drills to improving beginners’ backswings.

Birdie

A birdie means completing a hole in one stroke fewer than par. For example, holing the ball in 3 strokes on a par 4. Birdies are greatly appreciated achievements, as they reflect precision and control over the course. In competitions, accumulating birdies can be the difference between an average result and an outstanding one. For amateurs in Spain, getting their first birdie is often a moment of celebration and learning.

Bogey

The term “bogey” refers to completing a hole in one stroke more than par. Thus, if a hole is a par 4 and the player finishes it in 5 strokes, they make a bogey. Although perceived as an error versus par, it does not necessarily imply a bad result, as it will depend on the hole’s difficulty. Many beginners set themselves the goal of reducing their bogeys before aspiring to birdies or eagles.

Bounce

“Bounce” is the angle of a wedge’s sole relative to the ground. Its function is to prevent the club from digging into the sand or turf when playing short shots. The higher the bounce, the easier it is to play from bunkers or soft ground. Wedges with low bounce, on the other hand, are better suited to firm turf. Professionals usually choose their wedges according to the conditions of each course.

Brassey

The term “brassey” is an old name that referred to the 2-wood. Although it is no longer used in modern practice, it remains part of the traditional golf vocabulary. Currently, the most common fairway woods are the 3 and the 5, and the term brassey has been relegated to the history of classic golf.

Bunker

A bunker is a sand hazard located in different parts of the course, especially near greens or in the middle of fairways. It requires specific technical shots to get the ball out and continue play. There are fairway bunkers, which come into play on long shots, and greenside bunkers, which complicate the final approach. Keeping the bunker in good condition is part of etiquette, always using the rake after playing from it.

Buy

In match play, the term “buy” refers to the rematch played over the remaining holes of a match already decided before the 18th. Usually, half of what was initially at stake is wagered. This concept is used more in social and friendly games than in official competitions.

Bye

A “bye” is when a player or team is exempt from playing in the first round of a match play competition. This occurs when the number of participants is not exact for drawing the brackets. The player receiving the “bye” automatically advances to the next stage of the tournament.

Break (Borrow)

Break is the slope of the ground that affects the ball’s trajectory, especially on the green. Correctly reading the break is essential to execute precise putts. A common mistake among beginners is to hit straight without considering the slope, which causes misses. Experienced players spend time reading the green to anticipate how the ball will roll before striking it.

C

Caddie

The caddie is the person who accompanies the player during the round of golf, carries the bag, and offers strategic assistance. Beyond physical help, the caddie advises on club selection, green reading, and course conditions. In professional competitions in Spain, caddies are key figures who can make the difference in a player’s performance.

Cart (Buggy)

The cart, also known as a buggy, is an electric or gasoline vehicle used to move around the golf course. It facilitates transport on long routes or in intense heat. Although walking is standard in professional competitions, in Spain it is common for amateurs to rent a buggy to make their experience more comfortable.

Clubface (Clubface)

The “clubface” is the striking surface of the club. Its orientation at impact determines the ball’s initial direction. A square face produces a straight shot, while an open or closed face generates effects such as slice or hook. Learning to control the clubface position is essential to improve shot consistency.

Clubhouse

The clubhouse is the main building of a golf course. It houses reception, locker rooms, the restaurant, and the pro shop. It is also the social meeting place where players gather before and after the round. In Spain, many golf clubs have clubhouses that are true leisure centers, with terraces, pools, and event areas.

Course rating

“Course rating” is an official measure that reflects the difficulty of a golf course for a scratch player, that is, without handicap. Together with slope rating, it allows calculation of a player’s course handicap on a specific course. This information is found on each course’s scorecard and is fundamental for federated competitions in Spain.

Cross-bunker

A cross-bunker is a bunker that runs transversely across the fairway, forcing the player to decide whether to carry it in one shot or lay up before it to avoid risks. These strategic hazards make golf a sport of planning and not just technical execution. They are usually placed on long holes to add difficulty and variety to the course.

D

Double bogey and triple bogey

A double bogey occurs when a player completes a hole in two strokes more than par, while a triple bogey means three additional strokes. For example, scoring 7 on a par 5 corresponds to a double bogey. These results are frequent among beginners and represent areas for improvement in short-game control or tee-shot accuracy.

Dormie

In match play, a player or side is “dormie” when its lead in holes won is equal to the number of holes remaining. This means the match cannot be lost, although it could still be tied. Reaching dormie reflects dominance in the contest and often creates psychological pressure on the opponent.

Dogleg

A “dogleg” describes a hole that has a bend in its route, either to the right or to the left. These holes require strategic planning, as it’s not enough to simply hit straight. Course designers include them to add variety and difficulty. In Spain, many resort courses use natural terrain to create challenging doglegs that demand precision in tee-shot placement.

Downswing

The downswing is the phase of the swing in which the club descends from the top of the backswing to the moment of impact with the ball. It is an explosive movement combining power and control. The key to a good downswing is maintaining the correct sequence: hips first, then torso, and finally arms and hands. Proper execution allows straight and consistent shots.

Divot (Turf)

A divot is the piece of turf that is torn up when the club strikes the ball and the ground at the same time. Replacing the divot or repairing it with sand is part of golf etiquette. Although it may seem like a mistake, many well-executed iron shots produce a controlled divot, indicating solid contact.

Draw

A draw is a ball flight in which, after starting straight towards the target, it curves gently to the left (for right-handed players). It is considered an intentional and technical shot that often provides greater distance and control than a straight shot. Many professionals use it strategically to get closer to certain flag positions.

Drive

The drive is the long shot played from the teeing area, usually with the club called a driver. It is one of the most spectacular and recognizable shots in golf, as it seeks to achieve maximum possible distance. However, it is not just about power: a good drive also requires accuracy to leave the ball on the fairway and set up the second shot.

Driver

The driver, also known as the 1-wood, is the club designed to achieve the greatest distances in golf. It has the longest shaft and a low loft, allowing the ball to be launched at high speed and with a low launch angle. It is an essential tool for tee shots, although mastering it requires practice, as a mistake can end up in the rough or out of bounds.

Drop (Dropping)

“Dropping” means proceeding to take relief under the Rules by letting the ball fall from the regulated height (knee height) within the permitted area. This procedure applies in various situations, such as when the ball lies in a penalty area or in ground under repair. Although it seems simple, doing it correctly is vital to avoid additional penalties.

Drop zone

The “drop zone” is an area designated by the Committee where players must drop when the situation requires it. It is usually marked in strategic places, such as near a lake or a difficult hazard, to ensure fair relief and maintain pace of play.

Driving range

The driving range is the practice area of a golf course, designed so players can train their long shots. It is equipped with mats or natural grass, range balls, and targets at different distances. It is fundamental for both beginners looking to improve their technique and professionals warming up before a round. In Spain, many clubs and golf resorts have modern driving ranges, some even with ball-tracking technology.

E

Eagle

An eagle is an outstanding result obtained by completing a hole in two strokes fewer than par. For example, holing the ball in three strokes on a par 5. Achieving an eagle is an important milestone, almost always reserved for advanced players or professionals, and is usually celebrated as a highlight of the round.

Etiquette

Etiquette in golf refers to the set of expected conduct and courtesy norms for players. It includes aspects such as maintaining pace of play, caring for the course by repairing divots and ball marks, and respecting others’ turns. Etiquette is so important that it is included in the Rules of Golf, as it ensures a fair and enjoyable experience for all participants.

F

Fade

A fade is a shot in which the ball starts straight towards the target and then curves gently to the right (for right-handed players). It is a controlled effect, the opposite of a draw, that offers precision and safety on certain holes. Many professionals prefer it to attack flags located on the right side of the green, since the ball tends to stop more softly.

Fairway

The fairway is the central area of the hole, characterized by short, well-kept grass that connects the tee to the green. Playing from the fairway offers optimal conditions, as the low grass allows greater control of the ball. Golfers seek to place the ball on the fairway on their tee shots and approaches, avoiding the rough and other obstacles that complicate play.

Flag

In golf, the flag is the indicator placed in the hole to mark its position on the green. It can be made of fabric or other materials and is essential for orienting players from a distance. The flag is removed or attended when a player executes a putt so that the ball does not strike it. Knowing the exact flag position allows better approach planning, as it influences club selection and the strategy for attacking the green.

Fairway

The fairway, also called the “calle” in Spanish, is the strip of short grass connecting the tee to the green. It represents the ideal area where long shots should land, as it provides an optimal surface for the next stroke. Keeping the ball on the fairway is one of the keys to strategic golf, reducing risks and increasing the chances of reaching the green in good conditions.

Finnegan

The “finnegan” is an informal variant of the mulligan. Besides allowing a repeat of a missed tee shot, it gives the option to choose between the first and second ball. Although it is not contemplated in the official Rules, it is often used in social rounds as a form of fun and camaraderie among players.

Follow-through

The follow-through is the final phase of the swing, which occurs after impact with the ball. A complete and balanced follow-through is a sign of a good shot, as it reflects that the preceding movement was executed smoothly and without interruption. Coaches insist that maintaining a good finish helps improve consistency and avoid injuries.

Fore!

“Fore!” is the universal warning shout in golf. It is used when a ball has been struck towards other people and there is a risk of impact. Shouting “fore” shows responsibility and care towards other players. In Spain, this expression is respected both in tournaments and in social rounds and is an essential part of etiquette and safety on the course.

Foursome

Foursome is a pairs format in which each side plays a single ball with alternate shots, including alternating tee shots on the tees. It is considered one of the most challenging formats because it requires great coordination and trust between partners. In international competitions, such as the Ryder Cup, foursome is one of the most emblematic formats.

G

Gimme (Conceded putt)

In golf, a “gimme” refers to a putt so short and simple that the opponent concedes it as holed without needing to be played. This gesture only applies in match play and is part of the game’s etiquette. Although it seems minor, gimmes help maintain pace and show sportsmanship. However, they should not be taken for granted: it is the opponent who decides whether to concede the putt or not.

Golf course

The golf course is the facility where the sport takes place. It includes holes, fairways, greens, tees, bunkers, and penalty areas. There are different styles of courses, such as links in coastal areas, parkland courses surrounded by trees, or desert courses. In Spain, many courses combine tradition with modern design and are an important tourist attraction for both national and international players.

Green

The green is the surface of very short, fine grass surrounding the hole. It is the area intended for putts and requires special maintenance, as its quality directly influences the ball’s roll. Greens can be flat or have breaks and undulations that add difficulty. In Spain, courses care greatly for their greens because they are the heart of the layout.

General area

The term “general area” designates all parts of the golf course that are not a green, a teeing area of the hole being played, a bunker, or a penalty area. It is the most common area of play and comprises most of the course. Its definition is important because many relief Rules or conditions of play apply specifically to this area.

Greensome

Greensome is a pairs format in which both players tee off, the best ball is chosen, and from there they play alternate shots until finishing the hole. It is a variant of foursome that allows you to take advantage of a good tee shot by either partner. It is common in social tournaments at Spanish clubs.

Greensome-Chapman

In this variant of greensome, both players tee off, but on the second shot each plays their partner’s ball. For the third shot, one ball is chosen, and from there alternate shots continue. It is a fun and balanced format that encourages cooperation and reduces individual pressure.

Grip

Grip refers both to how the player holds the club and to the rubber or leather covering on the upper part of the club. There are different grip types: overlapping, interlocking, or baseball. A proper grip is essential to control direction and power. Coaches often correct this aspect in beginners, as a poor grip produces constant errors.

H

Halved

The term “halved” is used in match play when a hole ends tied; that is, both players or teams have taken the same number of strokes. In this case, the hole is “halved” and no advantage is awarded to either side. Although it may seem a neutral result, in a tight match keeping holes halved can be as strategic as winning them.

Handicap strokes (Stroke allocation)

Handicap strokes refer to the additional strokes a player receives based on their official handicap. These strokes are applied on the most difficult holes of the course, indicated on the scorecard. This system allows players of different levels to compete fairly.

Hazard (Obstacle)

Traditionally, the term “hazard” encompassed bunkers and water hazards. In the current Rules, bunkers and penalty areas have distinct status. However, the concept is still used to refer to any element on the course designed to increase difficulty and demand strategy from the player.

Holed ball

A ball is holed when it has completely crossed the lip of the hole and comes to rest inside it, always below the level of the green. This detail is important because, although the ball may remain on the edge, it is only considered holed when it is totally inside. In tournaments, this nuance can decide a stroke more or less on the card.

Handicap

Handicap is a system that measures a golfer’s level and allows competition on equal terms with others of different ability. In Spain, the Royal Spanish Golf Federation manages federated players’ official handicaps. The lower the handicap, the better the player is considered. This system adds fairness and makes it possible for a high-handicap amateur to compete fairly against more experienced players.

Honor

The honor belongs to the player who must tee off first on the next hole. Normally, it goes to whoever achieved the best score on the previous hole. This order is part of etiquette and respect among golfers, although in friendly rounds it is sometimes replaced by “ready golf” to gain agility.

Hook

A hook is a shot in which the ball starts straight and then curves sharply to the left for right-handed players. Although it can be intentional in some cases, it is usually an error that causes loss of distance and accuracy. A hook is often due to a closed clubface at impact or an excessively inside swing path.

Hole

In golf, “hole” can refer both to the unit of play (from the teeing area to the green) and to the physical hole in the green where the ball is holed. An 18-hole course is usually divided into front nine and back nine. Each hole has an assigned par, which indicates the expected number of strokes to complete it.

Hybrid

A hybrid is a club that combines characteristics of irons and woods. It is used for long shots from the fairway or rough, offering greater forgiveness than long irons. Many amateurs in Spain include hybrids in their bags because they are easier to handle than a 3- or 4-iron and allow intermediate distances with good control.

I

Impact

Impact is the exact moment when the clubface strikes the ball. The quality of impact determines the shot’s direction, height, distance, and spin. A centered strike on the face’s “sweet spot” produces the best results, while an off-center hit generates loss of energy and accuracy.

Iron

Irons are numbered clubs from 1 to 9, used mainly for medium- and short-distance shots. The higher the number, the greater the loft and height of the shot but the shorter the distance. The 7, 8, and 9 irons are widely used for approaches, while long irons (3, 4, 5) are harder to master and are often replaced by hybrids.

Interference

In golf, interference occurs when a course condition affects the player’s lie, stance, or area of intended swing. It can be caused by an immovable obstruction, such as a bench or sprinkler head. In such cases, the Rules allow free relief by dropping the ball in the nearest relief area.

K

Knock-down

A knock-down is a low, controlled shot, used especially in strong wind conditions. It consists of limiting the ball’s flight height by reducing the swing finish. This technique allows a more penetrating trajectory with less wind effect. It is much appreciated on coastal courses, like some links in northern Spain.

Kick point (Bend point)

Kick point is the point on the shaft that flexes the most during the swing. Its location affects the ball’s flight: a high kick point produces lower trajectories, while a low kick point favors higher shots. Knowing this detail helps in choosing the right shaft for each player’s style.

L

Lie

Lie refers to the position in which the ball comes to rest on the course, whether on the fairway, in the rough, in a bunker, or any other surface. It is also used to describe the club’s angle in relation to the ground. A good lie facilitates the shot, while a poor lie, such as in high grass or in a depression, complicates execution.

Lost ball

When a player does not find their ball within the allotted search time, it is considered lost. The standard penalty is to return to the spot from which the previous stroke was executed and replay, adding one penalty stroke. To speed up play, a provisional ball is often played when there is a risk the ball is lost, especially in areas with dense vegetation or out of bounds.

Local rules

Local rules are adaptations established by each course Committee to respond to specific conditions, such as areas under repair, paths under construction, or restricted areas. These rules complement the Rules of Golf and must be clearly indicated on the scorecard or on course signage.

Loose impediments

Loose impediments are natural objects not fixed or growing, such as leaves, twigs, or small stones. Under the Rules, they may be removed without penalty, unless the ball is in motion. Knowing this rule is key to keeping play fair and avoiding obstacles that are not part of the course design.

Line of putt

The line of putt is the intended path the ball will follow from where it lies to the hole on the green. It is influenced by breaks, speed, and the texture of the grass. Respecting another player’s line of putt is part of etiquette, as stepping on it can alter the surface and affect the ball’s roll.

Links

Links are golf courses located in coastal areas, characterized by dunes, sandy soils, and low vegetation. They are the oldest style of course, originating in Scotland, and present difficult conditions due to wind and the absence of trees. In Spain there are few links-style courses, but some in areas like Cádiz or the north are reminiscent of this design.

Loft

Loft is the angle of the clubface that determines the height and spin of the shot. Drivers have low lofts, between 8 and 12 degrees, while wedges can exceed 60 degrees. Choosing the right loft is key to controlling the distance and type of flight desired.

Lost ball

A “lost ball” is a ball that is not found within the regulatory search time. In this case, the player must proceed with a penalty, usually replaying the shot from the original spot. To avoid delays, many courses in Spain recommend playing a provisional ball when the original is suspected to be lost.

M

Marshall (Course marshal)

The marshall is the course employee in charge of supervising pace of play and ensuring that players respect the rules. They also help resolve incidents and oversee safety on the course. On Spanish courses with high turnout, the marshall is essential to avoid delays and maintain a good playing experience for everyone.

Medal tournament (Medal play)

A medal tournament, or medal play, is a competition in which the player who completes the course in the lowest total number of strokes wins. It is the traditional format of official tournaments and the one that most demands consistency, since you cannot lift the ball until it is holed.

Match play

Match play is a format in which players compete hole by hole rather than by total strokes. The scoreboard shows who is winning and by how many holes. A player may be “2 up” or “all square” depending on the development. It is a very strategic format, where psychological pressure and calculated risk play a key role.

Marking the ball

Marking the ball consists of placing a marker, such as a coin or token, behind the ball on the green before lifting it. This allows it to be cleaned or temporarily moved without losing its exact position. It is a common act and part of etiquette, as it avoids interference with other players’ lines of putt.

Match play

Match play, or head-to-head play by holes, is a format in which players compete hole by hole. Each hole won adds one point to the scoreboard, and the player or team with the most holes wins. It is a strategic and exciting format, used in major international competitions like the Ryder Cup.

Medal play

Medal play is another way to refer to stroke play. It consists of counting all the strokes taken during the round, and the player with the lowest total wins. It is the most widespread format in official tournaments in Spain.

Moment of Inertia (MOI)

Moment of inertia measures the clubhead’s resistance to twisting when impact is off-center. The higher the MOI, the more forgiving the club and the better it preserves direction on off-center hits. Modern manufacturers design drivers and fairway woods with high MOI levels to help amateurs achieve greater consistency.

Movable and immovable obstructions

Movable obstructions are artificial objects that can be easily removed, such as a rake or a bottle. Immovable obstructions, by contrast, are fixed structures like paved paths, sprinklers, or benches. The Rules of Golf permit free relief in case of interference by immovable obstructions, while movable ones may simply be removed.

Mulligan

A mulligan is an unofficial replay of a shot, allowed in friendly rounds as a courtesy. It is used mostly on the first tee when a player misses their opening shot. Although it is not part of the Rules of Golf, it is a common practice in social rounds in Spain.

N

Niblick

Niblick is an old term used in classic golf to refer to the 9-iron. Although no longer used in modern jargon, it remains part of the sport’s history. Short irons like the 9 still fulfill similar functions: precision shots from medium distances or approaches to the green with controlled height.

Net (Net result)

Net result is a player’s score after applying their handicap to the gross result. In other words, it reflects the number of strokes adjusted to the advantage corresponding to their level. This system allows players of different experience to compete on equal terms, which is essential in Spanish club tournaments.

Nine

In golf, “nine” is used to refer to a nine-hole round, whether the first half of an 18-hole course (front nine) or the second (back nine). It is also used for short 9-hole competitions, increasingly common in Spain as a quick, accessible alternative for those who lack time for a full round.

O

Out of bounds (Fuera de límites)

“Out of bounds” designates the area where play is prohibited, normally beyond fences, paths, or limits marked with white stakes. If the ball lies completely out of this area, the player must return to the point of the previous shot and replay, adding a penalty. This concept adds pressure to tee shots on narrow holes or those with hazards on the sides.

Out of bounds (Fuera de límites)

“Out of bounds” is the area where play is prohibited, usually delimited by white stakes, walls, or paths. If a ball lies completely out of bounds, the player must replay from the original spot with a penalty stroke. It is one of golf’s most severe penalties, as it can ruin a hole in seconds.

Over-clubbing

“Over-clubbing” refers to choosing too much club for the shot, causing the ball to overshoot the target. This error is common among beginners, who sometimes underestimate real distance or wind conditions. Good club management, known as course management, is key to avoiding it.

P

Par

Par is the standard number of strokes an expert player should take to complete a hole. Holes are classified as par 3, par 4, or par 5 depending on length and design. Par is the reference against which results such as birdie (–1), eagle (–2), or bogey (+1) are calculated. In Spain, most championship courses total par 72 over 18 holes.

Player

The player is the participant in the game of golf, responsible for knowing and applying the Rules. Unlike other sports, in golf honesty and self-discipline are essential, as players record their own results. In official tournaments, players in Spain are subject to supervision by referees and competition committees.

Penalty area

Penalty areas in golf are zones of the course that impose an extra challenge on the player, such as lakes, rivers, or ditches. They are delimited with red or yellow stakes, and when the ball comes to rest in them, the player must apply the relief options according to the Rules, usually with one penalty stroke. Their function is to increase strategy on the course and force decisions on whether to risk or play safe.

Penalty (Penalty stroke)

Penalties in golf are strokes added to the score when the player breaches a Rule or when the ball is in certain situations, such as out of bounds or in a penalty area. Although they are a punishment, they are part of golf’s disciplined character, where every action has consequences.

Pitch

A pitch is a short, high, very precise shot, usually used from under 100 meters to the green. Its objective is for the ball to land softly and roll as little as possible. It is executed with wedges and is fundamental in the short game. Mastering the pitch helps save pars and improve round-to-round consistency.

Pitch & Putt

Pitch & putt is a golf format played on smaller courses, with holes that rarely exceed 100 meters. It is designed to focus on the short game and putting, which makes it an ideal option for beginners or those short on time. In Spain there are very popular pitch & putt courses in Catalonia and other regions.

Pro-Am

A Pro-Am is a competition in which professionals play alongside amateurs as teams. These tournaments are common before major championships and allow fans to share the course with elite players. In Spain, Pro-Ams are a social and sporting attraction, with strong attendance at renowned courses.

Provisional ball

A provisional ball is played when there is a possibility that the original ball is lost outside a penalty area or out of bounds. It serves to save time, since if the original ball is not found, the provisional becomes the ball in play without needing to return to the initial point.

Putt

The putt is the stroke executed with the putter on the green to roll the ball towards the hole. Although it is the shortest stroke in distance, it is one of the most decisive, as it can define the result of a round. It is said that “you win on the green,” because a good putt compensates for previous errors.

Putter

The putter is the club specialized for play on the green. It has a flat face that facilitates a smooth, precise stroke. There are different designs, from traditional blades to modern mallets with greater forgiveness. Choosing a putter suited to each player’s style is key to improving putting.

Pro shop

The pro shop is the club’s store where clubs, balls, clothing, and specialized accessories are sold. It also usually offers services such as lessons or equipment adjustments. In Spain, pro shops are an essential part of the club experience, as players can purchase what they need right before heading out to the course.

Q

Qualifying round (Counting round)

A “qualifying round” is one that meets official requirements for results to be counted towards a player’s handicap. It must usually be played under the Rules of Golf and on rated courses. In Spain, federated clubs organize qualifying rounds that members can use to maintain or improve their handicap.

Quadruple bogey

A quadruple bogey means completing a hole in four strokes more than par. Although it seems very negative, it is relatively frequent among beginners on long or difficult holes. Pedagogically, facing a quadruple bogey teaches the importance of strategy and risk management.

R

Referee

The referee in golf is the person designated by a tournament Committee to supervise play, decide questions of fact, and apply the official Rules. Unlike other sports, in golf players are responsible for knowing the rules, but the referee intervenes in complex situations or disputes. In professional competitions in Spain, referees ensure that rules decisions are respected, thus guaranteeing fairness and the proper running of the event.

Ranger (Marshall)

The ranger, also called marshall, is the person in charge of supervising pace of play on the course. Their main function is to avoid delays, ensure that rules are respected, and assist players in case of incidents. On Spanish courses with high occupancy, the ranger’s work is essential so that the experience is smooth and satisfying.

Ready golf

“Ready golf” is a modern practice that encourages players to hit when they are ready, provided it is safe to do so, without strictly waiting for the turn. This method speeds up pace of play, especially in stroke play. In Spain it has become popular in recent years as a way to make golf more dynamic and attractive to new enthusiasts.

Replacing or placing the ball

Replacing the ball means returning it to its original position after lifting it, while placing it means setting it down at a spot permitted by the Rules or by relief. These actions are common on greens, when the ball is marked for cleaning, or in situations of ground under repair.

Round

A round is a player’s complete circuit, usually made up of 18 holes, though it can also be 9 in shorter competitions. The sum of strokes or points obtained in the round determines the final result.

Rough

The rough is the area of higher, denser grass bordering fairways and greens. It represents one of the main challenges on golf courses, as it makes clean contact between club and ball more difficult. Rough management is key in the design of Spanish courses, as it can harden or soften the course’s difficulty.

Rake

The rake is the tool used to smooth the sand in bunkers after playing from them. Its use is part of golf etiquette, as it leaves the bunker in fair condition for the next player. Although it may seem minor, keeping bunkers in good condition is fundamental to fairness in play.

S

Sand save

A “sand save” occurs when a player manages to save par after being in a greenside bunker. It normally involves blasting the ball out with a precise sand shot and then holing a putt. It is a highly valued statistic in professional golf, as it reflects a player’s skill in recovery situations. For amateurs, achieving a sand save is a satisfying goal.

Stroke play (Medal)

Stroke play, also known as medal, is the most common competition format. It consists of counting all the strokes taken over the stipulated round(s), and the player with the lowest total wins. It is the format used in most professional and federated tournaments in Spain.

Shaft (Shaft)

The shaft is the part of the club that connects the head to the grip. It is made of steel or graphite and its stiffness determines shot behavior. A stiffer shaft provides control, while a more flexible one generates greater height and distance. Its selection is key in club fitting for each player.

Stroke (Golpe)

In golf, a stroke is the forward movement of the club made with the intention of striking the ball and moving it. Under the Rules, if the player starts the swing but stops the club before striking, it is not considered a stroke. Every stroke counts on the score, whether from the tee, an approach, or on the green. The total number of strokes determines the result in stroke play, the most common format in Spain and internationally.

Stakes

Stakes are signaling elements on golf courses that indicate different situations: white mark out of bounds, red indicate lateral penalty areas, yellow indicate frontal penalty areas, and blue delimit ground under repair. Knowing their meaning is fundamental to apply the Rules correctly and avoid confusion during play.

Side

“Side” refers to an individual player or the group of players forming a team in certain formats. In pairs competitions, both partners constitute one side against their rivals. This concept is key in tournaments like foursome, greensome, or scramble, where coordination and strategy between members of the same side determine success.

Scramble

Scramble is a team format in which all players tee off, the best ball is selected, and from that spot everyone plays again, repeating the process until the hole is completed. It is a very popular format in social tournaments in Spain because it encourages participation, camaraderie, and allows players with different handicaps to enjoy competing together.

Shaft

The shaft is the rod that connects the clubhead to the grip. Its flexibility, weight, and bend point directly influence ball flight. A more flexible shaft helps generate greater height and distance, while a stiffer one provides control. Choosing the right shaft for each player’s swing speed is essential to optimize performance.

Slice

A slice is a faulty shot in which the ball curves sharply to the right for right-handed players. It is one of the most common errors among beginners, usually caused by an open clubface at impact or an outside-in swing path. Although undesirable, a controlled slice can be used strategically on some holes with a right-hand dogleg.

Slope rating

Slope rating is a value that measures the relative difficulty of a golf course for a bogey player compared to a scratch player. Together with course rating, it is used to calculate course handicap. In Spain, all federated courses have an official slope rating that appears on the scorecard for each layout.

Stableford

The Stableford system is a scoring format that awards points according to the result relative to par on each hole: 1 point for bogey, 2 for par, 3 for birdie, 4 for eagle, and so on. The great advantage is that it allows you to pick up the ball when you can no longer score, thus speeding up play. In Spain, it is one of the most used formats in club tournaments.

Stance

Stance is the position a player adopts in front of the ball before executing the shot. It includes the separation of the feet, balance, and body alignment. A good stance provides stability and facilitates repeating a consistent swing. It is one of the most important fundamentals taught in beginner golf lessons.

Starter

The starter is the person responsible for organizing and controlling players’ tee times from the first tee. Their role is to ensure that groups start at the scheduled time, avoid delays, and provide guidance about the course. At Spanish courses with high player traffic, the starter’s job is essential to maintain order.

Stroke play

Stroke play is the format in which all the strokes taken during the round are counted, and the player with the lowest total wins. It is the standard format in professional tournaments and the most widespread form of competition in Spain. Its cumulative nature adds pressure, as every stroke counts.

Sweet spot

The sweet spot is the optimal point on the clubface where impact transmits maximum energy to the ball, achieving greater distance and accuracy. Hitting the sweet spot is every golfer’s objective, since an off-center hit causes loss of power and direction. Modern manufacturers design clubs with larger sweet spots to help amateurs.

Swing

The swing is the golfer’s complete movement to strike the ball. It consists of several phases: stance, backswing, downswing, impact, and follow-through. Each phase is important to achieve a balanced and effective shot. Although it is a technical motion, it also reflects each player’s personal style. In Spain, many professionals offer swing lessons tailored to each student’s level.

T

Tee

The tee is a small support, usually made of wood or plastic, used to place the ball for the tee shot. Elevating the ball on the tee facilitates clean impact and maximizes distance, especially with the driver. It is one of the most characteristic elements of golf and a symbol of the start of each hole.

Teeing area

The teeing area is the rectangular area from which play begins on each hole. It is delimited by the tee markers and offers various positions according to the player’s level and category. Choosing the appropriate tee allows the difficulty of the course to be adapted to each golfer’s experience.

Tee markers (Teeing marks)

Tee markers indicate the places from which the initial shots must be played on each hole. They are identified by colors: usually white and yellow for men, red and blue for women and children. This differentiation seeks to adapt the course to the abilities of each category, thus ensuring a fair and balanced experience for all players.

Threesome

A threesome is a game format in which three players participate. It can be individual, one player against two, or pairs, depending on local Rules. Although it is not the most common format, it is used occasionally to adapt tournaments or informal rounds.

Top (Topping)

To top the ball means to strike it on its upper part, causing it to come out very low and roll instead of flying. It is a common error among beginners, usually caused by raising the head too soon or by a poor angle of attack. Although undesirable, it is sometimes used intentionally to avoid low obstacles.

Trolley

A trolley is a manual or electric cart used to transport the bag during the round. It makes it easier to get around without carrying the weight and is an alternative to the buggy. Many courses in Spain offer rental of electric trolleys as an intermediate option.

U

Up and down

“Up and down” describes saving par from around the green with just two strokes: one approach and a holed putt. It is a sign of short-game skill and is considered a key statistic in professional golf. For amateurs, achieving an up and down represents a great step forward in consistency.

Unplayable ball

An unplayable ball is one that, by the player’s decision, cannot or should not be played from where it lies. Under the Rules of Golf, it can be declared unplayable anywhere on the course except in a penalty area. Relief implies adding one penalty stroke and proceeding with one of the regulatory options: returning to the previous spot, dropping back on the line, or dropping within two club lengths of where the ball lay.

USGA / R&A

The USGA (United States Golf Association) and the R&A (based in Scotland) are the two entities that jointly govern the Rules of Golf worldwide. They work in coordination with national federations, including the Royal Spanish Golf Federation, to unify rules and ensure the sport’s consistency across the globe.

W

Wedge

A wedge is a type of club designed for the short game. There are several types: pitching wedge, sand wedge, lob wedge, and gap wedge. Its high loft allows high, precise shots, ideal for approaches to the green or for getting out of bunkers. Mastering wedges is essential to improve the short game and reduce the number of strokes.

Whiff

A whiff is a failed attempt in which the player does not manage to strike the ball. Under the Rules, if there was an intention to hit, it counts as a stroke even without contact. This error is common among beginners and can be frustrating, but it is part of learning.

Wood

Woods are clubs with larger heads designed for long shots, either from the tee or the fairway. Although they were formerly made of wood, today they are made of materials such as titanium or composites. The driver is the 1-wood, followed by the 3-, 5-, or 7-wood.

X

X-out ball

An “x-out ball” is a golf ball with some minor factory defect, sold at a reduced price. Although not always allowed in official competitions, they are perfectly usable in social rounds. In Spain they can be found in some stores as an economical option for practice.

Y

Yips

“Yips” are involuntary nervous spasms that affect fine motor movement, especially in putting. This problem is often related to psychological pressure and can greatly hinder precision on the green. Some professional players have seen their careers affected by the yips. Overcoming them requires mental work and technical changes.

Frequently Asked Questions about Golf Terms

What is the difference between match play and stroke play?

There are two main formats in golf: match play and stroke play. In match play, players compete hole by hole; the one who holes out in fewer strokes on each hole wins that hole, and the scoreboard reflects advantages such as “2 up” or “all square.” In contrast, in stroke play all the strokes of the complete round are counted and the player with the lowest total wins. In Spain, stroke play is the most used format in official tournaments, while match play is usually reserved for club competitions or international events like the Ryder Cup.

What types of golf clubs are there and what are they used for?

Golf clubs are divided into several categories: drivers and woods are for long shots from the tee or the fairway; irons are used for medium distances and precision shots; wedges are ideal for short approaches and special shots like getting the ball out of a bunker; and putters are reserved for the green. In addition, hybrids combine characteristics of irons and woods and are very popular among amateurs for their ease of use.

What does it mean to make a birdie, eagle, or bogey in golf?

These terms refer to the number of strokes in relation to a hole’s par. A birdie is completing it in one stroke less, an eagle in two less, and an albatross in three less. Conversely, a bogey means one stroke more, a double bogey two more, and so on. These concepts are universal and allow comparison of performance among players.

What is handicap and why is it important?

Handicap is a system that reflects a player’s level and grants an advantage based on their experience and ability. The lower the handicap, the more skilled the golfer. In Spain, the Royal Spanish Golf Federation manages official handicaps. This system allows players of different levels to compete on equal terms, applying handicap strokes on the most difficult holes.

What is the difference between a draw, a fade, a hook, and a slice?

These words describe ball effects or trajectories. A draw is a slight curve to the left (for a right-hander), while a fade curves gently to the right. In contrast, a hook and a slice are more extreme versions and are usually faulty shots: a hook curves sharply to the left and a slice does so to the right. Mastering controlled draws and fades is a sign of experience.

What is a bunker and how do you play from it?

A bunker is a sand-filled hazard located on the fairway or near the green. Getting the ball out of a bunker requires special technique: you hit the sand just behind the ball so it is propelled out. The most used clubs are sand wedges, designed with a bounce angle that helps the club slide under the ball. Although it can intimidate beginners, with practice it becomes a controllable shot.

What does “green” mean in golf?

The green is the area of very short grass that surrounds the hole and where putts are executed. It is the most delicate, carefully maintained area of the course, since any irregularity affects the ball’s trajectory. The green’s speed and breaks determine much of a hole’s difficulty. A good player learns to “read the green” before each putt to anticipate how the ball will roll.

What is the short game in golf?

The short game refers to all shots around the green: chips, pitches, bunker shots, and putts. Although they are shorter in distance, they represent the majority of strokes in a round. Improving the short game is key to lowering scores, as it allows saving pars or avoiding double bogeys. Many coaches recommend dedicating more than 50% of practice time to this area.

What is the difference between a links course and a parkland course?

A links course is the oldest style of golf, located in coastal areas with dunes, sand, and low vegetation. They are often windy and treeless, which increases difficulty. In contrast, parkland courses are inland, surrounded by trees with more defined fairways. In Spain, parkland courses predominate, although some coastal courses resemble traditional links.

What does it mean to make a hole in one?

A hole in one, also called an “ace,” occurs when the ball goes directly into the hole from the tee shot. It is an extremely rare achievement and celebrated at any level of golf. It normally occurs on par-3 holes, due to the shorter distance, but it requires a combination of precision, technique, and a bit of luck.